Educational guide

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is essential for bone health, immune function, and mood. Deficiency is extremely common — especially in winter months or in people with indoor lifestyles.

Severe deficiency< 12 ng/mLDeficiency12–19 ng/mLInsufficient20–29 ng/mL

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What Vitamin D measures

The 25-hydroxyvitamin D test (25-OH D) measures the main circulating form of vitamin D in your blood. It reflects both dietary intake and the vitamin D your skin produces from sunlight. It's the best indicator of overall vitamin D status.

Normal ranges

Severe deficiency< 12 ng/mL
Deficiency12–19 ng/mL
Insufficient20–29 ng/mL
Optimal30–80 ng/mL
Potentially too high> 100 ng/mL

Reference ranges may vary slightly by lab. Always use the range provided on your specific test report.

What affects your vitamin d level

  • Limited sunlight exposure (indoor lifestyle, winter, high latitudes)
  • Darker skin (melanin reduces vitamin D synthesis)
  • Age (elderly produce less from sun)
  • Obesity (vitamin D gets stored in fat, reducing availability)
  • Poor absorption (celiac, Crohn's, gastric bypass)

Foods that may help

Fatty fish (salmon, sardines, mackerel)

Richest natural dietary source

Egg yolks

Moderate amount, easy daily option

Fortified milk & plant milks

Added vitamin D for bone health

Mushrooms (UV-exposed)

Only plant source of vitamin D2

Cod liver oil

Traditional high-potency source

When to see your doctor

If your level is below 20 ng/mL, discuss supplementation with your doctor. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is typically recommended over D2. Most adults benefit from 1000–2000 IU/day, but doses above this should be doctor-supervised.

Related biomarkers

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Educational content only · Not medical advice